Sublethal effect of Abamectin in the functional response of the predator Phytoseiulus persimilis (Athias-Henriot) on Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae) / Efeito subletal da Abamectina na resposta funcional do predador Phytoseiulus persimilis (Athias-Henriot) em Tetranychus urticae (Koch) (Acari: Phytoseiidae, Tetranychidae)

Abstract The biological control used for the control of Tetranychus urticae (Koch) is the predator mite Phytoseiulus persimilis (Athias-Henriot). It is important to the know the effects of acaricides on the biological behavior the Abamectin on the functional response of P. persimilis. The functional response of the predator was of type II exposed to concentration of Abamectin, the functional response parameters: successful attack rate (a'), handling time (Th), search efficiency and the maximum predation theory (T/Th) were affected by the acaricide. The predator spends more time in persecute, dominate, consume and prepair it self to the next searching comparing with the proof subject an the predation ability was affected.

Resumo O controle biológico utilizado para o controle de Tetranychus urticae (Koch) é o acaro predador Phytoseiulus persimilis (Athias-Henriot). É importante conhecer os efeitos dos acaricidas sobre o comportamento biológico do predador. Foi avaliado o efeito tóxico de a Abamectina na resposta funcional de P. persimilis. A resposta funcional do predador foi tipo II exposta a concentrações subletais de Abacmetina, os parâmetros da resposta funcional: taxa de ataque (a'), tempo de manipulação (Th), a eficiência na procura e predação teórica máxima (T/Th) foram afetados pelo acaricida. O predador passa mais tempo na procura, dominar, consumir e se preparar para a próxima procura em comparação com a testemunha e sua capacidade de predação foi afetada.

Evaluación del efecto tóxico de la doramectina, la ivermectina y la eprinomectina sobre Triatoma infestans en un modelo de rata / Evaluation of the toxic effects of doramectin, ivermectin and eprinomectin against Triatoma infestans using a rat model

Resumen Introducción. La principal herramienta para el control de los triatominos, vectores de Trypanosoma cruzi, ha sido el uso masivo e intensivo de piretroides. La aparición de resistencia a estas moléculas ha planteado la necesidad de encontrar estrategias nuevas, alternativas y complementarias de control. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto tóxico de la ivermectina, la doramectina y la eprinomectina sobre Triatoma infestans y sus consecuencias en la alimentación con sangre en un modelo de roedor. Materiales y métodos. Se alimentaron ninfas de quinto estadio de T. infestans en distintos momentos sobre ratas Wistar tratadas previamente con doramectina, ivermectina, eprinomectina o dimetilsulfóxido (excipiente de control), administrados tópicamente o por vía oral. Se determinó el efecto de cada endectocida y del dimeltilsulfóxido en la cantidad de sangre ingerida, el volumen de excreciones y el porcentaje de mortalidad. Resultados. Únicamente la mortalidad de los insectos dependió del endectocida suministrado a las ratas y de la vía de administración utilizada. La doramectina causó mayor mortalidad (21,5 %) comparada con la ivermectina, la eprinomectina y el dimetilsulfóxido (16, 11 y 2,5 %, respectivamente), y la administración tópica fue más efectiva que la vía oral (23 Vs. 9,3 %). Conclusión. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran el efecto tóxico de los tres endectocidas en T. infestans. Su utilización en animales domiciliarios o que viven en el peridomicilio podría ser una interesante estrategia complementaria de la aspersión con piretroides para el control de T. infestans.

Abstract Introduction: Pyrethroids have been frequently and intensively used for controlling the triatomine vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi. The emergence of resistance to these insecticides has resulted in an urgent need to identify novel, alternative and complementary control strategies. Objective: To evaluate the toxic effects of ivermectin, doramectin and eprinomectin on the blood-feeding behaviour of Triatoma infestans using a rodent model. Materials and methods: Fifth instar nymphs of T. infestans were fed at different times on Wistar rats pretreated with doramectin, ivermectin, eprinomectin or dimethylsulfoxide (excipient control) topically or orally administered. We determined the effects of each insecticide and of dimethyl sulfoxide on the amount of ingested blood, the volume of faecal discharge, and the mortality rates in triatomines. Results: Only the rate of triatomine mortality was associated with the antiparasitic compounds administered and the route of administration utilized. Doramectin administration was associated with a higher mortality rate (21.5%) than ivermectin, eprinomectin and dimethylsulfoxide (16, 11 and 2.5%, respectively), and topical administration was found to be most effective for inducing mortality (23 vs. 9.3 %). Conclusion: These results demonstrate the toxic effects of the three assessed insecticides onT. infestans. The administration of ecto/endoparasiticides to domiciliary or peridomiciliary animals may serve as an interesting complementary strategy to the use of pyrethroids for the control of T. infestans.

Anthelmintic efficiency of doramectin, fenbendazole, and nitroxynil, in combination or individually, in sheep worm control / Eficiência anti-helmíntica da doramectina, fenbendazole e nitroxinil, associados ou utilizados individualmente, no controle da verminose ovina

Abstract The anthelmintic efficiency of doramectin, fenbendazole, and nitroxynil, used individually or in combination, was determined by the Fecal Egg Count Reduction (FECR) test and cultivation of larvae of anthelminthic-treated sheep grouped as follows: G1 (doramectin), G2 (fenbendazole), G3 (nitroxynil), G4 (doramectin + fenbendazole), G5 (doramectin + nitroxynil), G6 (fenbendazole + nitroxynil), G7 (doramectin + nitroxynil + fenbendazole), G8 (untreated). In addition to individually used doramectin and fenbendazole, the helminths were also resistant to the combination of doramectin + fenbendazole; nitroxynil + fenbendazole; and doramectin + nitroxynil + fenbendazole, with their FECR rates ranging from 62-83%. The helminths showed possible nitroxynil-resistance, but had low resistance when the drug was administered in combination with doramectin. The evaluation of individual helminth species revealed that fenbendazole was fully effective against Cooperia; doramectin (G1), moderately effective against Haemonchus and insufficiently active against Cooperia; nitroxynil, effective against Haemonchus and insufficiently active against Cooperia. It was concluded from the results that herd nematodes are resistant to doramectin, fenbendazole, and nitroxynil, and that the combined use of the drugs not only fails to significantly improve the anthelmintic efficiency against Haemonchus and Cooperia, but is also cost-ineffective.

Resumo Eficiências da doramectina, fenbendazole e nitroxynil, utilizados individualmente ou associadamente, foram determinadas através do Teste de Redução na Contagem de Ovos nas Fezes (RCOF) e cultivo de larvas. Os grupos experimentais foram os seguintes: G1 (ovinos tratados com doramectina), G2 (fenbendazole), G3 (nitroxynil), G4 (doramectina + fenbendazole), G5 (doramectina + nitroxynil), G6 (fenbendazole + nitroxynil), G7 (doramectina + fenbendazole + nitroxynil) e G8, não tratados. Os helmintos foram considerados resistentes a doramectina e ao fenbendazole isoladamente e às associações doramectina + fenbendazole, fenbendazole + nitroxynil, e doramectina + fenbendazole + nitroxynil, com taxas de RCOF variando de 62-83%. Helmintos foram considerados suspeitos de resistência ao nitroxynil e apresentaram baixa resistência, quando esta droga foi associada à doramectina. Dos tratamentos isolados, o fenbendazole demonstrou total eficácia (100%) contra Cooperia. Doramectina (G1) foi moderadamente efetiva contra Haemonchus e insuficientemente ativa contra Cooperia, e o nitroxynil efetivo contra Haemonchus (93,2%) e insuficientemente ativo contra Cooperia (0%). Concluiu-se neste estudo que os nematódeos do rebanho são resistentes à doramectina, fenbendazole e nitroxynil, e que, ainda que associadas, não devem ser utilizadas no rebanho por não melhorarem a eficiência anti-helmíntica nem a efetividade contra Haemonchus e Cooperia e por não apresentarem custo-benefício justificado.

Efficacy and safety of topical eprinomectin to control Myocoptes musculinus infestation in mice / Eficácia e segurança da eprinomectina tópica para controlar a infestação Myocoptes musculinus em camundongos

Myocoptes musculinus is the most common fur mite identified among laboratory mice; infested mice, in addition to dermatological signs, may also be prone to secondary infections, affecting the outcome of a research trial. This trial was conducted in order to assess the safety and efficacy of a single topical administration of eprinomectin (5mg/kg BW) in a naturally infested laboratory mice colony. A safety trial was conducted on 20 uninfested pregnant females assigned to two groups, receiving eprinomectin and mineral oil, respectively. The mice were examined daily for signs of illness or toxicity; nests were individually weighted at 21 and 28 days postpartum. No acute toxicity was observed, all treated females gave full term delivery and number and mean weight of newborns ranged in the physiological values. To evaluate the efficacy, 20 naturally infested non-pregnant females were divided into two groups, treated as in the safety trial. Animals were observed daily for 15 min until 21 days post-treatment (DPT) and a “pruritus index” (PI: scratching and gnawing acts/mouse/min) was calculated. Pelage examination was performed on DPT 7, 14, 21 and 50. The “PI” was significantly lower in the treated group and mites were eradicated from all infested animals. A single topical administration of eprinomectin at a (high) dosage of 5mg/kg BW was safe and effective to control M. musculinus in mice.

Myocoptes musculinus é o ácaro de pele mais comum identificado entre camundongos de laboratório. Camundongos infestados, além de sinais dermatológicos, também podem ser propensos a infecções secundárias, interferindo no resultado de um ensaio de pesquisa. Este estudo foi realizado para avaliar a segurança e eficácia de uma única administração tópica de eprinomectina (5mg / kg PV) em uma colônia de camundongos de laboratório naturalmente infestada. Um estudo de segurança foi realizado em 20 fêmeas prenhes sadias, divididas em dois grupos, recebendo eprinomectina e óleo mineral, respectivamente. Os camundongos foram examinados diariamente para detectar quaisquer sinais da doença ou toxicidade; camundongos recém-nascidos foram pesados individualmente aos 21 e 28 dias pós-parto. Nenhuma toxicidade aguda foi observada. Todas as fêmeas tratadas chegaram ao parto, o número e peso dos recém-nascidos variaram dentro de parâmetros fisiológicos. Para avaliar a eficácia, 20 camundongos não prenhes, naturalmente infestados, foram divididos em dois grupos: tratado e grupo controle não tratado. Os animais foram observados diariamente durante 15 minutos até os 21 dias pós- tratamento (DPT) e um índice de prurido (IP) - arranhões e ato de roer / camundongo / min) foi calculado. Exame da pelagem foi realizado em DPT 7, 14, 21 e 50. O IP foi significativamente menor no grupo tratado, e os ácaros foram erradicados de todos os animais infestados. Uma única administração tópica de eprinomectina, na dose de 5mg / kg de peso corporal, foi segura e eficaz no controle de M. musculinus em camundongos.

Suscetibilidade de larvas de Culex quinquefasciatus a diferentes inseticidas / Susceptibility of Culex quinquefasciatus larvae to different insecticides

INTRODUÇÃO: O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a suscetibilidade de larvas de Culex quinquefasciatus a dois piretróides (Cipermetrina e Deltametrina), dois derivados da Avermectina (ivermectina e abamectina) e a um organofosforado (Temefós). MÉTODOS: Larvas de 3º e 4º instares de C. quinquefasciatus foram expostas a diferentes concentrações destes (onze repetições) seguindo o protocolo da Organização Mundial de Saúde. Uma hora após a exposição, as larvas foram lavadas em água desclorada, transferidas para recipientes plásticos contendo água sem cloro, alimentadas e observadas por períodos de 24h, até se transformarem em adultos. Para a determinação das concentrações letais, os valores foram submetidos à análise de regressão usando o modelo probit pelo programa Minitab 15. RESULTADOS: Diferenças entre as estimativas da CL50 e CL90 justificaram que a população de mosquitos testada apresenta heterogeneidade em resposta aos inseticidas, sendo a maior concentração utilizada para a CL50, a partir da análise de probit para o Temefós. Todos os inseticidas avaliados causaram mortalidade mais acentuada nas primeiras 24h exceto quando expostas à ivermectina. CONCLUSÕES: As larvas são suscetíveis a todos os inseticidas testados e há uma necessidade de um monitoramento dos inseticidas utilizados.

INTRODUCTION: This study aimed to assess the susceptibility of Culex quinquefasciatus larvae to two pyrethroids (Cypermethrin and Deltamethrin), two derivatives of Avermectin (Ivermectin and Abamectin) and an organophosphate (Temephos). METHODS: Third- and fourth-instar larvae of C. quinquefasciatus were exposed to different concentrations of insecticides (eleven repetitions) according to the World Health Organization's protocol. One hour after exposure, larvae were washed in dechlorinated tap water, transferred to plastic containers containing water without chlorine, fed and observed for periods of 24h until reaching adulthood. To determine lethal concentrations, the obtained values were submitted to regression analysis using the probit model with the Minitab 15 program. RESULTS: The highest concentration used for the LC50 from probit analysis was for Temephos. The evaluated insecticides caused more pronounced larvae mortality in the first 24h with the exception of those exposed to ivermectin. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates that larvae are susceptible to all tested insecticides and that there is a need for monitoring the use of insecticides.

Epidemiological studies of Egyptian buffaloes mange with special reference to efficacy of different therapeutic trials for treatment of mange

The present study was conducted on 280 Egyptian buffaloes [Bithalis bubalus] during the period from June 2008 to July 2009. These animals belong to different villages in Assiut Governorate, Upper Egypt. The age of these animals ranged from less than one year to above eight years old. Examination of diseased animals revealed that they suffered from itching, loss of patches of hair in different regions of the body with appearance of scales on the skin. The more common sites of infestation were the head, neck and the base of the tall. In this study skin scrapings were examined microscopically revealed that Sarcoptic spp. and psoroptic spp. were identified from Egyptian buffaloes in Upper Egypt in percentage of 11.78%and 8.57%, respectively, with overall percentage of 20.35%. infestation by Sarcoptic mange mites [57.89%] was recorded to be the most frequent in the examined cases, followed by Psoroptes spp. mites [42.10%]. Statistical analysis of some ecological parameters reveled that there is a significant relationship between prevalence of mange mite Infesting buffaloes and season, age, housing management as well as regular or irregular using acaricides. Moreover, this study included using different methods of clinical therapeutic trails. The infested buffaloes with mange mites were classified into four groups. The first one received two doses of Ivermectin [Ivomec, Merial], 10 days apart at dose rate of 200 micro g/kg subcutaneously. The second group received two doses of doramectin [Dectomax, Pfizer, Egypt] a, 10 days apart at dose rate of 200 micro/kg subcutaneously. The third group received two doses of Ivermectin [Ivomec, Merial], 10 days apart at dose rate of 200 micro g/kg subcutaneously, Adjunct to this drug, Deltamethrin [Butox-50, Intervet] was applied to the surrounding environment [bedding material, wall, fomites, etc....] twice at a 10 days interval, All cases were isolated in a separate place during treatment period. The fourth group received two doses of doramectin [Dectomax, Pfizer, Egypt] a, 10 days apart at dose rate of 200 micro g/kg subcutaneously, Adjunct to this drug, Deltamethrin [Butox-50, Intervet] was applied to the surrounding environment twice at a 10 days interval. We found that administration of Ivermectin or doramectin adjunct with treatment of animal environment Is the best protocol for eradication and prevention of mange mite from Infested buffaloes with mange mite and Its environment

Eficacia de cuatro antiparasitarios para el control de Melophagus ovinus en la Región de Magallanes, Patagonia Chilena / Efficiency of fourantiparasitic for Melophagus ovinus control in Magallanes Region, Chilean Patagonia

The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of four antiparasitic for the Melophagus ovinus control in the XII Region, Chile. Two dipping and two endectocides were applied in groups of 200 sheared sheeps, realizing in series measurements of morbility and quantifying the parasites number's in ten individuals of every group. Significant differences there are in the parasites number's on the day 56 between the dipping groups and other groups. The parasites death was 100 percent from the day 7 until the day 56post-treatment in the dipping groups. The dipping groups morbility decrease to 0 percentfrom the day 7 and up to the end of this study. One of the relevant conclusion is that the evaluated dippings are 100 percent effective in M. ovinus elimination from the day 7 post-treatment.

El objetivo del estudio fue evaluar la efectividad de cuatro antiparasitarios para el control del Melophagus ovinus en la XII Región. Se aplicaron dos baños de inmersión y dos endectocidas en grupos de 200 ovinos esquilados, realizando mediciones seriadas de morbilidad en la totalidad de los animales y cuantificando el número de parásitos en diez individuos de cada grupo. Existieron diferencias significativas en el número de parásitos al día 56 entre los grupos bañados y los demás grupos. La disminución en los parásitos fue de 100 por ciento desde el día 7 y hasta el día 56 post-tratamiento en los grupos bañados. La morbilidad de los grupos bañados disminuyó a 0 por ciento desde el día 7 y hasta el término del ensayo. Como conclusión se destaca que los dos baños de inmersión probados son eficaces en la eliminación del 100 por ciento de Melophagus ovinus desde el día 7 post-tratamiento.